what did the supreme courts interpretation of the fourteenth amendment allow the court to do?
In the U.s., commonwealth relies on maintaining a balance of power between three key branches: the executive branch, the legislative branch, and the judicial branch, which is where the Supreme Courtroom (SCOTUS) resides. Deemed experienced legal experts, the Main Justice and eight Associate Justices who sit on the court have the last say when information technology comes to interpreting American laws and the Constitution.
As such, the Supreme Court evidently plays a powerful function in confirming or denying legal rights and practices in the U.S., and, at times, the Court's decisions accept completely altered the cloth of life in America and the class of the nation. For example, the Court ruled on landmark cases such as Brownish v. Board of Education, which outlawed racial segregation in public schools, and Roe five. Wade, which legalized abortion. More recently, the Courtroom's ruling on Bostock five. Clayton County ensured that under Title Vii of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, LGBTQ+ workers are protected from workplace discrimination. Needless to say, the Court's rulings are as of import as ever.
Of course, like any function of a branch of government in the U.S., the Supreme Courtroom is subject to checks and balances; presidents have the ability to appoint new justices when seats on the Courtroom open up, and the Senate has the power to confirm or reject those appointments. Regardless, the justices who are selected serve for a lifetime — or until they step down — which means they wield meaning power in our democracy. With this in mind, we're taking a look at the current lineup of Supreme Courtroom justices — and how their histories with interpreting the police might shape our country in the coming years.
John G. Roberts Jr., Chief Justice | September 29, 2005
President George W. Bush appointed John Glover Roberts Jr. to the Supreme Court in 2005, making him the Court'south 17th Chief Justice. Born in Buffalo, New York, Chief Justice Roberts earned both his bachelor'southward and law degree from Harvard University. In the lead upwards to his SCOTUS appointment, the Harvard grad held many respected legal roles, including Acquaintance Counsel to President Ronald Reagan from 1982 to 1986; Principal Deputy Solicitor General for the U.S. Department of Justice from 1989 to 1993; and Appellate Gauge on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in 2003.
In terms of his general political philosophy, Chief Justice Roberts leans toward more conservative points of view. At the same time, he strongly believes the Court but interprets laws that already exist and that they aren't in the business organisation of making laws. This belief has led him to oppose the wishes of the Republican party on several landmark cases, including Obergefell v. Hodges, which made same-sex marriage a constitutional right, as well as National Federation of Independent Business 5. Sebelius and King v. Burwell, which upheld the constitutionality of dissimilar aspects of the Affordable Care Human action.
Clarence Thomas, Associate Justice | Oct 23, 1991
In 1991, President George H.Due west. Bush appointed Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Courtroom every bit an Acquaintance Justice. Born just exterior of Savannah, Georgia, the future SCOTUS justice attended the College of the Holy Cantankerous before earning his police degree from Yale Law School. Afterward graduation, Thomas served equally Assistant Attorney General of Missouri from 1974 to 1977; Chairman of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission from 1982 to 1990; and Appellate Judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Excursion from 1990 to 1991.
For the most role, Thomas is known as an "originalist" — that is, he looks at constitutional issues based on the original intentions of the founding fathers, regardless of how life may have changed during the interceding years. Interestingly, Thomas doesn't often participate in oral arguments and, despite recent Trump Administration appointments, the Academy of Michigan ranked him the most conservative justice on the Courtroom by a large margin, as per the university's Martin-Quinn score system, a ways of measuring 1'due south credo. Notably, Thomas authored the opinion for Kansas v. March, which upheld the constitutionality of a Kansas death penalty statute.
Stephen K. Breyer, Acquaintance Justice | August three, 1994
President Bill Clinton appointed Stephen Breyer to the Supreme Court as an Associate Justice in 1994. The San Francisco-born justice attended Stanford University and attained a bachelor's in philosophy, before studying at Oxford University every bit a Marshall Scholar and earning an LL.B. from Harvard Law School. Early in his career, Breyer gained some familiarity with SCOTUS by serving every bit a law clerk for Supreme Courtroom Justice Arthur Goldberg in 1964.
Before returning to the halls of the SCOTUS building, Breyer was besides an Assistant Special Prosecutor on the Watergate Special Prosecution Force in 1973; taught at Harvard Law School from 1967 to 1994; served for a decade as an Appellate Estimate for the U.s.a. Courtroom of Appeals for the First Circuit; and was appointed Chief Judge for said courtroom from 1990 to 1994. Generally, the pragmatic justice is known for his moderate ideology. Like any skillful philosophy major, Breyer considers both the real-globe consequences and the original intention of the writers of the Constitution when formulating an stance. Memorably, Breyer wrote the unanimous court stance for NLRB v. Noel Canning, which limits the recess engagement ability of the president.
Samuel A. Alito Jr., Acquaintance Justice | January 31, 2006
In 2006, President George W. Bush-league nominated Samuel Alito Jr. every bit an Associate Justice on the Supreme Court. Born in Trenton, New Jersey, Alito attended Princeton University, where he participated in the ROTC program, before setting his sights on Yale Law Schoolhouse. Early on in his career, Alito served as a law clerk for Leonard Garth of the The states Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit before becoming an Assistant U.S. Chaser for the Commune of New Bailiwick of jersey in 1977.
Alito rounded out his resume past working for the U.S. Department of Justice as Assistant to the Solicitor General, Deputy Banana Attorney General and U.S. Attorney for the District of New Bailiwick of jersey. Earlier joining the Court, he was appointed Appellate Judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in 1990. Although he reportedly evaluates subjects on a instance-by-case basis, Alito generally leans conservative, with his 2019 Martin-Quinn score ranking him the second-well-nigh conservative justice on the Court. Alito has authored numerous notable opinions, including Mitchell v. Wisconsin, which allows claret booze tests on unconscious drivers without a warrant, and Husted v. Randolph Institute, which upheld Ohio'due south methods for maintaining voter registration records.
Sonia Sotomayor, Associate Justice | August 8, 2009
In August 2009, President Barack Obama appointed Sonia Sotomayor to the Supreme Court as the first Hispanic and Latinx Acquaintance Justice and but the third adult female. Built-in and raised in the Bronx, she was determined to become an attorney after being inspired past an episode of Perry Mason. After earning her bachelor's from Princeton University, she attended Yale Police School for her J.D. Afterward school, Sotomayor started her career as an Banana District Attorney in the New York County District Attorney'south Office in 1979 and then worked as an acquaintance and partner for Pavia & Harcourt from 1984 to 1992. In 1991, President George H.W. Bush-league nominated her to the U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York, where she served from 1992 to 1998.
Only prior to her SCOTUS date, Sotomayor served as an Appellate Judge on the United states Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit from 1998 to 2009. Based on the 2019 Martin-Quinn scores, Sotomayor is the well-nigh liberal justice on the Court: She dissented from the majority on the very first case she heard on the Court — Citizens United v. Federal Election Committee — establishing her equally a bold, unwavering justice right off the bat. Since so, she has been a key member in landmark decisions similar Obergefell v. Hodges.
Elena Kagan, Associate Justice | August vii, 2010
A year after Justice Sotomayor's appointment, President Barack Obama too appointed the fourth female person Associate Justice to the Supreme Court. Born in New York City, Elena Kagan earned her bachelor's caste at Princeton University, studied at Oxford to attain a Master of Philosophy and so attended Harvard Constabulary School for her J.D. in 1986. Afterwards, Kagan began her legal career as a clerk for Judge Abner Mikva of the U.Due south. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit from 1986 to 1987 and for Justice Thurgood Marshall of the U.Southward. Supreme Court during the 1987 term.
After spending some time in private practice, she taught at the University of Chicago Law School and Harvard Police force School, ultimately serving equally the Dean of Harvard Law School from 2003 to 2009. Earlier appointing her to the Court, President Obama nominated her Solicitor Full general of the United states of america. Much like Sotomayor, Kagan tends to lean liberal. She sided with the majority in several contempo landmark cases, including Male monarch v. Burwell, where she ruled in favor of supporting the Affordable Care Deed, and Obergefell five. Hodges, which legalized same-sexual practice marriage. Kagan'due south support of same-sex marrigae is notable in that it marked a shift from the position she expressed at her confirmation hearing.
Neil Thou. Gorsuch, Associate Justice | April 10, 2017
The first Associate Justice appointed to the Supreme Courtroom by President Donald Trump, Neil Gorsuch was sworn in on April x, 2017. Born in Denver, Colorado, Gorsuch received a bachelor's caste from Columbia University before pursuing a J.D. at Harvard Police force Schoolhouse. Subsequently, his legal career began in 1991 when he took up a law clerk position nether Judge David Sentelle of the United States Court of Appeals for the Commune of Columbia Excursion. In his first brush with SCOTUS, Gorsuch clerked for Supreme Court Justices Byron White and Anthony Kennedy from 1993 to 1995 earlier setting his sights elsewhere.
With a decade of private practice under his chugalug, Gorsuch served as Principal Deputy Associate Attorney General at the U.S. Department of Justice for a year from 2005 to 2006, and, at the end of that service, President George Westward. Bush-league appointed him to the The states Court of Appeals for the Tenth Excursion. Much like Thomas, Gorsuch is a Constitutional originalist, though many political writers have accounted him more libertarian than conservative, citing that he'south "willing to become his own style." In his short time on the courtroom, Gorsuch has sided with the bulk on several of import cases, including Hobby Foyer v. Sebelius, which involved upholding religious liberties related to the Affordable Care Deed.
Brett M. Kavanaugh, Associate Justice | Oct 6, 2018
President Donald Trump appointed Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Courtroom every bit an Acquaintance Justice in 2018. With allegations of sexual misconduct cropping in the wake of his nomination, Kavanaugh's appointment hearing was one of the most contentious in SCOTUS' history. As Americans may retrieve from said hearings, Kavanaugh earned both his available's and J.D. from Yale earlier serving as a police clerk for several prominent judges, including Approximate Walter Stapleton of the U.Due south. Courtroom of Appeals for the Third Circuit and Justice Anthony Kennedy of the U.South. Supreme Court.
Later on, Kavanaugh spent time as a partner in a D.C. law firm and then served equally Acquaintance Counsel and Senior Associate Counsel to President George W. Bush-league from 2001 to 2003, which led President Bush to appoint him to the United States Court of Appeals for the Commune of Columbia Excursion in 2006. Although his time on the Court just started, Kavanaugh has already authored two timely opinions related to the tech industry, including Apple 5. Pepper and Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck, which determined a public admission visitor isn't bailiwick to the Start Amendment. Although many experts feared a far correct shift in the Court due to Kavanaugh'southward engagement, his 2019 Martin-Quinn score placed him in the conservative range by a slim margin.
Amy Coney Barrett, Associate Justice | October 27, 2020
When Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg passed away on September 18, 2020, approachable President Donald Trump wasted no time in queuing up a nominee for the empty Supreme Court seat, eventually landing on Amy Coney Barrett. A little over a calendar month afterward, Barrett became the fifth woman to serve on the Supreme Court of the U.s.. Much like Kavanaugh's nomination, Barrett's drew quite a flake of controversy, though most of the criticism was leveraged confronting the date timeline rather than her qualifications.
After receiving a bachelor's from Rhodes College, Barrett attended Notre Dame Law School, where she would get on to work as a law school professor for many years. Autonomously from her academic path, she has clerked for Gauge Laurence Silberman of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Excursion as well as former SCOTUS justice Antonin Scalia, who likely helped inform Barrett's originalist stance. Additionally, Barrett served fewer than three years on the 7th Circuit earlier her nomination to the highest court in the American judicial system. While Barrett joined her peers in dismissing President Trump'south election challenge, some critics fearfulness that her devout Catholicism might brand landmark rulings, like Roe v. Wade and Obergefell v. Hodges, vulnerable to change.
Source: https://www.reference.com/world-view/get-to-know-nine-supreme-court-justices?utm_content=params%3Ao%3D740005%26ad%3DdirN%26qo%3DserpIndex
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